Active Ingredient History
Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone found in both men and women. In men, testosterone is produced primarily by the Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testes when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). It functions to stimulate spermatogenesis, promote physical and functional maturation of spermatozoa, maintain accessory organs of the male reproductive tract, support development of secondary sexual characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body and influence brain development by stimulating sexual behaviors and sexual drive. In women, testosterone is produced by the ovaries (25%), adrenals (25%) and via peripheral conversion from androstenedione (50%). Testerone in women functions to maintain libido and general wellbeing. Testosterone exerts a negative feedback mechanism on pituitary release of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Testosterone may be further converted to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol depending on the tissue. The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects. Testosterone is used as hormone replacement or substitution of diminished or absent endogenous testosterone. Use in males: For management of congenital or acquired hypogonadism, hypogonadism associated with HIV infection, and male climacteric (andopause). Use in females: For palliative treatment of androgen-responsive, advanced, inoperable, metastatis (skeletal) carcinoma of the breast in women who are 1-5 years postmenopausal; testosterone esters may be used in combination with estrogens in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause in women who do not respond to adequately to estrogen therapy alone. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced (Phase 4)
Aging (Phase 4)
Alzheimer Disease (Phase 3)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Phase 2)
Analgesics, Opioid (Phase 2)
Androgens (Phase 3)
Andropause (Phase 3)
Anemia, Sickle Cell (Early Phase 1)
Angina Pectoris (Phase 4)
Anorexia Nervosa (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (Phase 3)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (Phase 4)
Anxiety (Phase 2)
Arthralgia (Phase 3)
Atherosclerosis (Phase 4)
Athletic Performance (Phase 2)
Bariatric Surgery (Phase 4)
Bone Diseases, Metabolic (Phase 2)
Brain Injuries (Phase 4)
BRCA1 Protein (Phase 2)
Breast Density (Phase 1)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked (Phase 2)
Cachexia (Phase 2)
Caloric Restriction (Phase 4)
Cancer Survivors (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell (Phase 1)
Cardiovascular Diseases (Phase 4)
Central Nervous System Diseases (Phase 2)
Cerebral Arterial Diseases (Early Phase 1)
Chronic Pain (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Cognitive Dysfunction (Phase 3)
Contraception (Phase 2)
Contraceptive Agents, Male (Phase 2)
Coronary Artery Disease (Phase 3)
Coronary Disease (Phase 2)
COVID-19 (Phase 4)
Deficiency Diseases (Phase 2)
Depression (Phase 2)
Depressive Disorder, Major (Phase 4)
Dermatology (Phase 1)
Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 4)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (Phase 4)
Disability Evaluation (Phase 2)
Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY (Phase 3)
Dyspareunia (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Dysthymic Disorder (Phase 4)
Ejaculation (Phase 2)
Endocrine Glands (Phase 4)
Endocrine System Diseases (Phase 2)
Enteral Nutrition (Phase 3)
Erectile Dysfunction (Phase 4)
Eunuchism (Phase 4)
Exercise (Phase 4)
Fatigue (Phase 2)
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic (Phase 4)
Fatty Liver (Phase 4)
Feeding and Eating Disorders (Phase 2)
Female (Phase 2)
Fertilization in Vitro (Phase 3)
Frailty (Phase 4)
Gait Disorders, Neurologic (Phase 2)
Gender Dysphoria (Phase 4)
General Surgery (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Genital Diseases, Male (Phase 2)
Gonadal Disorders (Phase 2)
Growth and Development (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Growth Hormone (Phase 2)
Health Services for Transgender Persons (Early Phase 1)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Heart Failure (Phase 4)
Hip Fractures (Phase 3)
Hip Injuries (Phase 3)
HIV Infections (Phase 4)
HIV Wasting Syndrome (Phase 2)
Homologous Recombination (Phase 2)
Hormones (Phase 2)
Hot Flashes (Phase 3)
Hypogonadism ()
Hypopituitarism (Phase 4)
Infertility (Phase 3)
Infertility, Female (Phase 4)
Infertility, Male (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Insulin Resistance (Phase 2)
Kallmann Syndrome (Phase 4)
Kidney Failure, Chronic (Phase 3)
Klinefelter Syndrome (Phase 4)
Knee Injuries (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Leydig Cells (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Liver Cirrhosis (Phase 2)
Long QT Syndrome (Phase 4)
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (Phase 4)
Lung Diseases (Phase 3)
Male (Phase 3)
Malnutrition (Phase 3)
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (Phase 2)
Men (Phase 2)
Menopause (Phase 3)
Metabolic Diseases (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Metabolic Syndrome (Phase 4)
Metabolism (Phase 2)
Mobility Limitation (Phase 3)
Multiple Sclerosis (Phase 4)
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting (Phase 2)
Muscle Hypotonia (Phase 4)
Muscles (Phase 2)
Muscle Weakness (Phase 4)
Muscular Atrophy (Phase 4)
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal (Phase 2)
Muscular Diseases (Phase 4)
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral (Phase 1)
Musculoskeletal Diseases (Phase 3)
Mutation (Phase 2)
Myocardial Infarction (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 1)
Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Nervous System Diseases (Phase 2)
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Phase 2)
Obesity (Phase 4)
Opioid-Related Disorders (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Osteoarthritis (Phase 3)
Osteoporosis (Phase 4)
Ovarian Diseases (Phase 3)
Pain (Phase 4)
Penile Induration (Phase 1)
Penis (Phase 4)
Periodontitis (Phase 4)
Peripheral Vascular Diseases (Phase 4)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
Placebos (Phase 4)
Polyneuropathies (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Postmenopause (Phase 1)
Priapism (Early Phase 1)
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Prostate (Phase 2)
Prostatic Hyperplasia (Phase 4)
Prostatic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Rotator Cuff Injuries (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Sarcopenia (Phase 4)
Sexual Behavior (Phase 2)
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological (Phase 3)
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological (Phase 4)
Sexual Health (Phase 3)
Sleep (Phase 4)
Spinal Cord Diseases (Phase 2)
Spinal Cord Injuries (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Substance Abuse, Oral (Phase 4)
Testicular Neoplasms (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Testosterone (Phase 4)
Transgender Persons (Early Phase 1)
Transsexualism (Phase 3)
Trauma, Nervous System (Phase 2)
Turner Syndrome (Phase 3)
Urinary Incontinence (Phase 3)
Urination Disorders (Phase 1)
Vaginal Diseases (Early Phase 1)
Vaginitis (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Women's Health (Phase 2)
Wounds and Injuries (Phase 4)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
|---|
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