Active Ingredient History
Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a US National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol. Later it was discovered that endophytic fungi in the bark synthesize paclitaxel. When it was developed commercially by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), the generic name was changed to paclitaxel and the BMS compound is sold under the trademark Taxol. In this formulation, paclitaxel is dissolved in Kolliphor EL and ethanol, as a delivery agent. Taxol is marketed for the treatment of Breast cancer; Gastric cancer; Kaposi's sarcoma; Non-small cell lung cancer; Ovarian cancer. A newer formulation, in which paclitaxel is bound to albumin, is sold under the trademark Abraxane. Paclitaxel is a taxoid antineoplastic agent indicated as first-line and subsequent therapy for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the ovary, and other various cancers including breast cancer. Paclitaxel is a novel antimicrotubule agent that promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing depolymerization. This stability results in the inhibition of the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic cellular functions. In addition, paclitaxel induces abnormal arrays or "bundles" of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. Used in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma and cancer of the lung, ovarian, and breast. Abraxane® is specfically indicated for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Paclitaxel interferes with the normal function of microtubule growth. Whereas drugs like colchicine cause the depolymerization of microtubules in vivo, paclitaxel arrests their function by having the opposite effect; it hyper-stabilizes their structure. This destroys the cell's ability to use its cytoskeleton in a flexible manner. Specifically, paclitaxel binds to the β subunit of tubulin. Tubulin is the "building block" of mictotubules, and the binding of paclitaxel locks these building blocks in place. The resulting microtubule/paclitaxel complex does not have the ability to disassemble. This adversely affects cell function because the shortening and lengthening of microtubules (termed dynamic instability) is necessary for their function as a transportation highway for the cell. Chromosomes, for example, rely upon this property of microtubules during mitosis. Further research has indicated that paclitaxel induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells by binding to an apoptosis stopping protein called Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) and thus arresting its function. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
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| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Abdominal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Adenocarcinoma (Phase 4)
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar (Phase 2)
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell (Phase 3)
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous (Phase 3)
Adenocarcinoma of Lung (Phase 3)
Adenoma (Phase 1)
Adenosarcoma (Phase 1)
Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Phase 2)
Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Anemia (Phase 3)
Angina Pectoris (Phase 3)
Angiogenesis Modulating Agents (Phase 2)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (Phase 2)
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic (Phase 3)
Antineoplastic Agents (Phase 2)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Anus Diseases (Phase 3)
Anus Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Appendix (Phase 1)
Arterial Occlusive Diseases (Phase 3)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid (Phase 2)
Artificial Intelligence (Phase 2)
Ascites (Phase 2)
Atherosclerosis (Phase 3)
Bile Duct Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Biliary Tract Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Bone Diseases (Phase 1)
Bone Neoplasms (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Brain Neoplasms (Phase 3)
BRCA1 Protein (Phase 2)
Breast Diseases (Phase 2)
Breast Neoplasms, Male (Phase 3)
Brenner Tumor (Phase 3)
Burkitt Lymphoma (Phase 1)
Carboplatin (Phase 1)
Carcinoma (Phase 4)
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic (Phase 1)
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Ductal (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Islet Cell (Phase 1)
Carcinoma, Large Cell (Phase 4)
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid (Phase 1)
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Small Cell (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell (Phase 4)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell (Phase 3)
Carcinoma, Verrucous (Phase 2)
Carcinosarcoma (Phase 2)
Cardiotoxicity (Phase 3)
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Phase 2)
Chemoradiotherapy (Phase 3)
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant (Phase 3)
Child (Phase 2)
Cholangiocarcinoma (Phase 3)
Cholestasis (Phase 1)
Choriocarcinoma (Phase 3)
Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (Phase 4)
Circulating Tumor DNA (Phase 2)
Colonic Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Colorectal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis (Early Phase 1)
Coronary Artery Disease (Phase 4)
Coronary Restenosis (Phase 4)
Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures (Phase 2)
Death (Phase 2)
Deglutition Disorders (Phase 2)
Dermatofibrosarcoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Dialysis (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Digestive System Diseases (Phase 3)
Digestive System Neoplasms (Phase 3)
DNA Mismatch Repair (Early Phase 1)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 3)
Drug Therapy (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Drug Therapy, Combination (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Edema (Phase 2)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (Phase 2)
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Endocrine System Diseases (Phase 3)
Endodermal Sinus Tumor (Phase 3)
Endometrial Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Endothelium (Phase 2)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Erythema (Phase 2)
Esophageal Diseases (Phase 2)
Esophageal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Phase 3)
Esophagogastric Junction (Phase 2)
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Fallopian Tubes (Phase 1)
Fatigue (Phase 3)
Fibromatosis, Aggressive (Phase 2)
Fibrosarcoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Fistula (Phase 2)
Gallbladder Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Gastrinoma (Phase 1)
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Phase 2)
General Surgery (Phase 3)
Genes, erbB-2 (Phase 2)
Genital Diseases, Female (Phase 3)
Genital Neoplasms, Female (Phase 3)
Genital Neoplasms, Male (Phase 2)
Germinoma (Phase 3)
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Phase 3)
Glioblastoma (Phase 2)
Glioma (Phase 2)
Gliosarcoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Glucagonoma (Phase 1)
Graft vs Host Disease (Phase 2)
Hamartoma (Phase 3)
Head and Neck Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Hemangiosarcoma (Phase 2)
Hematologic Neoplasms (Phase 1)
Hemodialysis, Home (Phase 2)
Hemoptysis (Phase 2)
Histiocytoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
HIV Infections (Phase 3)
Hodgkin Disease (Phase 1)
Human papillomavirus 16 (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Hysterectomy (Phase 2)
Immunotherapy (Phase 3)
Induction Chemotherapy (Phase 2)
Infections (Phase 1)
Inflammation (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Insulinoma (Phase 1)
Intestinal Diseases (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Intestinal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Ischemia (Phase 3)
Keratosis, Actinic (Phase 2)
Kidney Diseases (Phase 1)
Kidney Failure, Chronic (Phase 1)
Kidney Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Laparoscopy (Phase 2)
Laparotomy (Phase 2)
Lapatinib (Phase 2)
Laryngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Leukemia (Phase 2)
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell (Phase 1)
Leukemia, Mast-Cell (Phase 2)
Lip Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Liver Failure (Phase 1)
Liver Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Lung Diseases (Phase 2)
Lung Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Lymphatic Metastasis (Phase 3)
Lymph Nodes (Phase 2)
Lymphoma (Phase 2)
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone (Phase 1)
Lymphoma, Follicular (Phase 1)
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic (Phase 2)
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell (Phase 2)
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin (Phase 2)
Lymphoma, T-Cell (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral (Phase 1)
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (Phase 1)
Medical Oncology (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Melanoma (Phase 3)
Meningeal Carcinomatosis (Phase 3)
Mesothelioma (Phase 2)
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal (Phase 2)
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian (Phase 2)
Mouth Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Mucositis (Phase 2)
Multiple Myeloma (Phase 2)
Mutation (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Myocardial Infarction (Phase 3)
Myocardial Ischemia (Phase 3)
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Phase 3)
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Nausea (Phase 2)
Neoadjuvant Therapy (Phase 3)
Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 3)
Neoplasms ()
Neoplasms by Histologic Type (Phase 2)
Neoplasms by Site (Phase 3)
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal (Phase 3)
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial (Phase 2)
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell (Phase 3)
Neoplasms, Unknown Primary (Phase 3)
Neuroblastoma (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Neuroendocrine Tumors (Phase 4)
Neurotoxicity Syndromes (Phase 3)
Neutropenia (Phase 1)
Obesity (Phase 3)
Oncogenes (Phase 1)
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Osteosarcoma (Phase 2)
Ovarian Diseases (Phase 3)
Ovarian Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Oxaliplatin (Phase 2)
Paclitaxel (Phase 3)
Pain (Phase 3)
Pancreatic Cyst (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Pancreatic Diseases (Phase 3)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Papillomaviridae (Phase 2)
Papillomavirus Infections (Phase 2)
Pelvic Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Penile Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Perioperative Period (Phase 2)
Peripheral Arterial Disease (Phase 4)
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (Phase 3)
Peripheral Vascular Diseases (Phase 2)
Peritoneal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Peritoneum (Phase 2)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
Pharyngeal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Plaque, Atherosclerotic (Phase 3)
Platinum Compounds (Phase 3)
Pleural Effusion, Malignant (Phase 2)
Postoperative Complications (Phase 2)
Precancerous Conditions (Phase 2)
Progression-Free Survival (Phase 3)
Prostatic Hyperplasia (Phase 2)
Prostatic Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Prosthesis Failure (Phase 3)
Psoriasis (Phase 2)
Quality of Life (Phase 3)
Radiation (Phase 3)
Radiation Oncology (Phase 2)
Radiosurgery (Phase 2)
Radiotherapy (Phase 2)
Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Renal Insufficiency (Phase 1)
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (Phase 2)
Salivary Gland Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Sarcoma (Phase 3)
Sarcoma, Clear Cell (Phase 2)
Sarcoma, Ewing (Phase 2)
Sarcoma, Kaposi (Phase 3)
Seminoma (Phase 3)
Skin Diseases (Phase 2)
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (Phase 3)
Somatostatinoma (Phase 1)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (Phase 4)
Stomach Diseases (Phase 1)
Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Survival (Phase 3)
Teratoma (Phase 3)
Testicular Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Thoracic Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Thymoma (Phase 4)
Thyroid Cancer, Papillary (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic (Phase 3)
Thyroid Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Tissue Adhesions (Phase 2)
Tongue Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 (Phase 1)
Tumor Virus Infections (Phase 1)
Umbilical Cord (Phase 2)
Ureteral Diseases (Phase 1)
Ureteral Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Urethral Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Urinary Bladder (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Urinary Bladder Diseases (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Urogenital Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Urologic Diseases (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Urologic Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Uterine Cervical Diseases (Phase 2)
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Uterine Diseases (Phase 2)
Uterine Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Vaginal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Vascular Diseases (Phase 4)
Vipoma (Phase 1)
Vomiting (Phase 2)
Vulvar Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (Phase 1)
Xerostomia (Phase 2)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
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