Active Ingredient History
Ketamine (brand name Ketalar) is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Ketalar is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation; also, it is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors through an interaction with sites thought to be located within the ion channel pore region. However, the complete pharmacology of ketamine is more complex, and it is known to directly interact with a variety of other sites to varying degrees. Recently, it was shown that inclusion of the NR3B subunit does not alter the ketamine sensitivity of recombinant NR1/NR2 receptors expressed in oocytes. Likewise, 100 μM ketamine produced only weak inhibition of the glycine-induced current of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors. The side effects of ketamine noted in clinical studies include psychedelic symptoms (hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks), nausea/vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and, in a minority of patients, hepatoxicity. The recreational use of ketamine is increasing and comes with a variety of additional risks ranging from bladder and renal complications to persistent psychotypical behaviour and memory defects. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970. NCATS
Drug Pricing (per unit)
Note: This drug pricing data is preliminary, incomplete, and may contain errors.
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Pain (approved 1970)
Abdomen, Acute (Phase 4)
Abdominal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Abdominoplasty (Phase 2)
Abortion, Induced (Phase 4)
Abscess (Phase 4)
Acute Kidney Injury (Phase 4)
Acute Pain (Phase 4)
Adenoids (Phase 2)
Airway Management (Phase 4)
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder (Phase 4)
Alcohol-Induced Disorders (Phase 3)
Alcoholism (Phase 3)
Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (Phase 4)
Amputation (Phase 1)
Analgesia (Phase 4)
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Analgesics (Phase 3)
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic (Phase 1)
Analgesics, Opioid (Phase 4)
Anemia, Sickle Cell (Phase 4)
Anesthesia (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Endotracheal (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, General (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Intravenous (Phase 4)
Anesthesia, Obstetrical (Phase 2)
Anesthesia, Spinal (Phase 4)
Anorexia Nervosa (Phase 1)
Anxiety (Phase 4)
Anxiety Disorders (Phase 4)
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic (Phase 2)
Aortic Diseases (Phase 2)
Appendicitis (Phase 1)
Arterial Occlusive Diseases (Phase 3)
Arthroplasty (Phase 1)
Arthroscopy (Phase 4)
Asthma (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Phase 2)
Automobile Driving (Phase 1)
Axis, Cervical Vertebra (Phase 4)
Back Pain (Phase 4)
Bariatrics (Phase 4)
Bariatric Surgery (Phase 4)
Behavior (Phase 2)
Biological Availability (Phase 1)
Bipolar Disorder (Phase 4)
Borderline Personality Disorder (Phase 2)
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies (Phase 4)
Brain Diseases (Phase 1)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic (Phase 4)
Breakthrough Pain (Phase 3)
Breast Feeding (Phase 2)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Bronchial Spasm (Phase 4)
Bronchoscopy (Phase 4)
Bunion (Phase 2)
Burns (Phase 4)
Cancer Pain (Phase 3)
Cannabis (Phase 1)
Cataract (Phase 4)
Central Nervous System Diseases (Phase 2)
Cesarean Section (Phase 4)
Child Behavior (Phase 4)
Cholangitis (Phase 2)
Cholecystitis (Phase 4)
Cholecystolithiasis (Phase 4)
Chronic Disease (Phase 4)
Chronic Pain (Phase 4)
Cluster Headache (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Cocaine-Related Disorders (Phase 3)
Cognition Disorders (Phase 4)
Cognitive Dysfunction (Phase 3)
Colonic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Colonoscopy (Phase 4)
Colorectal Surgery (Phase 4)
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes (Phase 2)
Confusion (Phase 1)
Consciousness (Phase 4)
Conscious Sedation (Phase 4)
Constipation (Phase 4)
Coronary Artery Bypass (Phase 4)
Coronary Artery Disease (Phase 4)
Coronavirus Infections (Phase 2)
Cortical Spreading Depression (Phase 1)
COVID-19 (Phase 2)
Craniocerebral Trauma (Phase 2)
Critical Care (Phase 4)
Critical Illness (Phase 4)
Deep Sedation (Phase 4)
Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia (Phase 4)
Delirium (Phase 4)
Dementia (Phase 4)
Dental Anxiety (Phase 4)
Dental Caries (Phase 4)
Depression (Phase 4)
Depression, Postpartum (Phase 4)
Depressive Disorder (Phase 4)
Depressive Disorder, Major (Phase 4)
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant (Phase 4)
Dermatology (Phase 4)
Dexmedetomidine (Phase 3)
Diabetes Mellitus (Phase 2)
Diabetic Neuropathies (Phase 3)
Digestive System Diseases (Phase 3)
Diverticulitis, Colonic (Phase 4)
Drug Delivery Systems (Phase 3)
Drug Resistant Epilepsy (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Drugs, Investigational (Phase 4)
Dyskinesias (Phase 2)
Electric Countershock (Phase 3)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (Phase 4)
Emergence Delirium (Phase 4)
Encephalitis (Phase 1)
Endometrial Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Endoscopy (Phase 4)
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (Phase 4)
Epilepsy (Phase 3)
Fatigue (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Flank Pain (Phase 4)
Fracture Fixation (Phase 3)
Fractures, Bone (Phase 4)
Fractures, Closed (Phase 4)
Gabapentin (Phase 3)
Gastric Bypass (Phase 4)
General Surgery (Phase 4)
Genital Diseases, Female (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Gestational Age (Phase 1)
Hallucinations (Phase 3)
Headache (Phase 4)
Head and Neck Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Healthy Volunteers (Phase 4)
Heart Arrest (Phase 4)
Heart Defects, Congenital (Phase 4)
Heart Diseases (Phase 4)
Heart Septal Defects, Atrial (Phase 4)
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular (Phase 2)
Heart Valve Diseases (Phase 4)
Hemodynamics (Phase 4)
Hemoglobin SC Disease (Phase 3)
Hemorrhage (Phase 4)
Hemorrhoids (Phase 4)
Hepatectomy (Phase 4)
Hernia (Phase 4)
Hernia, Inguinal (Phase 4)
Hyperalgesia (Phase 4)
Hypnotics and Sedatives (Phase 4)
Hypotension (Phase 4)
Hypoxia (Phase 4)
Hysterectomy (Phase 4)
Ileus (Phase 4)
Infant, Premature, Diseases (Phase 3)
Inflammation (Phase 4)
Intensive Care Units (Phase 3)
Intestinal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (Phase 4)
Intraoperative Awareness (Phase 2)
Intubation (Phase 4)
Ischemic Stroke (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Joint Dislocations (Phase 3)
Ketamine (Phase 4)
Kidney Diseases (Phase 4)
Labor Pain (Phase 2)
Lacerations (Phase 4)
Lactation (Early Phase 1)
Laminectomy (Phase 4)
Laparoscopy (Phase 3)
Laryngeal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Leukemia (Phase 3)
Leukemia, Lymphoid (Phase 4)
Lidocaine (Phase 3)
Lung Diseases (Phase 4)
Lung Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Lymphoma (Phase 4)
Lymphoproliferative Disorders (Phase 3)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Phase 2)
Marijuana Abuse (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Mastectomy, Radical (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Mental Disorders (Phase 4)
Migraine Disorders (Phase 4)
Mood Disorders (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Movement Disorders (Phase 2)
Mucositis (Phase 3)
Multiple Myeloma (Phase 3)
Multiple Sclerosis (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Multiple Trauma (Phase 3)
Musculoskeletal Diseases (Phase 4)
Musculoskeletal Pain (Phase 4)
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (Phase 3)
Myeloproliferative Disorders (Phase 3)
Narcotics (Phase 3)
Nausea (Phase 4)
Neonatology (Phase 4)
Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Nerve Block (Phase 4)
Nervous System Diseases (Phase 2)
Neuralgia (Phase 4)
Neuralgia, Postherpetic (Phase 2)
Neurobehavioral Manifestations (Phase 1)
Neurologic Manifestations (Phase 2)
Nose Deformities, Acquired (Phase 4)
Obesity (Phase 4)
Obesity, Morbid (Phase 3)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Phase 2)
Only Child (Phase 4)
Opioid-Related Disorders (Phase 4)
Oximetry (Phase 3)
Pain (Phase 4)
Pain, Intractable (Phase 4)
Pain Management (Phase 4)
Pain Measurement (Phase 3)
Pain, Postoperative (Phase 4)
Pain, Procedural (Phase 4)
Palliative Care (Phase 2)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Early Phase 1)
Pancreatitis (Phase 2)
Pathologic Processes (Phase 3)
Perceptual Disorders (Phase 1)
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (Phase 2)
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases (Phase 3)
Persian Gulf Syndrome (Early Phase 1)
Phacoemulsification (Phase 4)
Phantom Limb (Phase 3)
Pharmacokinetics (Phase 4)
Pharyngitis (Phase 3)
Phobia, Social (Early Phase 1)
Pneumonia (Phase 4)
Pneumonia, Aspiration (Phase 4)
Postoperative Cognitive Complications (Phase 4)
Postoperative Complications (Phase 4)
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (Phase 4)
Postoperative Period (Phase 4)
Premedication (Phase 4)
Pressure Ulcer (Phase 4)
Prostatic Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Pruritus (Phase 2)
Psychiatry (Phase 4)
Psychomotor Agitation (Phase 4)
Psychoses, Substance-Induced (Phase 4)
Pulmonary Atelectasis (Phase 4)
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive (Phase 4)
Rectal Fistula (Phase 1)
Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 4)
Recurrence (Phase 1)
Reflex, Oculocardiac (Phase 4)
Renal Colic (Phase 3)
Renal Insufficiency (Phase 4)
Respiration, Artificial (Phase 3)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Phase 3)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn (Phase 1)
Respiratory Insufficiency (Phase 4)
Respiratory Tract Diseases (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Respiratory Tract Infections (Phase 4)
Retinal Diseases (Phase 4)
Rett Syndrome (Phase 2)
Rib Fractures (Phase 4)
Rotator Cuff Injuries (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Schizophrenia (Phase 4)
Scoliosis (Phase 4)
Self-Injurious Behavior (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Sepsis (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Phase 2)
Shivering (Phase 4)
Shock, Septic (Phase 4)
Signs and Symptoms (Phase 1)
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive (Phase 4)
Sleep Apnea Syndromes (Phase 4)
Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic (Phase 4)
Spinal Fusion (Phase 2)
Spinal Stenosis (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Spondylolisthesis (Phase 4)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (Phase 2)
Status Asthmaticus (Phase 3)
Status Epilepticus (Phase 3)
Sternotomy (Phase 4)
Stomatognathic Diseases (Phase 4)
Strabismus (Phase 2)
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic (Phase 4)
Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute (Phase 4)
Stroke (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Substance Abuse, Oral (Phase 1)
Substance-Related Disorders (Phase 1)
Suicidal Ideation (Phase 4)
Suicide (Phase 4)
Suicide, Attempted (Phase 4)
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (Phase 2)
Therapeutics (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Thoracic Surgery (Phase 4)
Thoracotomy (Phase 3)
Tinnitus (Phase 2)
Tobacco Use Disorder (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Tonsillectomy (Phase 4)
Toothache (Phase 4)
Tooth, Impacted (Phase 4)
Traumatology (Phase 4)
Unconsciousness (Phase 4)
Vital Signs (Phase 1)
Vomiting (Phase 4)
Wounds and Injuries (Phase 4)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
|---|
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