Active Ingredient History
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed. NCATS
Combination drugs
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
| Organization | Org Type | FDA approvals | Clinical Trials involvement | Org ID | Force Sort |
|---|
Sunburn (approved 2008)
Biliary Tract Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Breast Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular (Phase 1)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung (Phase 1/Phase 2)
Colorectal Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Dental Caries (Phase 3)
Dermatology (Phase 2/Phase 3)
Fracture Dislocation (Phase 2)
Melanosis (Phase 4)
Neoplasm Metastasis (Phase 2)
Neoplasms (Phase 1)
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Pancreatic Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Pulpitis (Phase 3)
Rectal Neoplasms (Phase 2)
Stomach Neoplasms (Phase 3)
Sunburn (Phase 4)
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 (Phase 2)
Urticaria (Phase 2)
| Trial | Phase | Start Date | Organizations | Indications |
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